Maxine Tynes’ poem “Reach out and Touch” Essay

With Maxine Tynes’ poem Reach out and Touch, the title suggests that the poem literally is about a person reaching out and touching objects or people. Tynes suggests that the more mature generation should reach out and help others more often, and maybe touching someone’s heart should be all worth it. The first 6 lines of Tynes’ poem, describes how the curiosity of a child. Line number 6 â€Å"to see if it comes off† proves that the child’s intentions were purely curiosity. The use of â€Å"electric† in line 3 was a very descriptive and vivid word to describe the poet’s bouncing curls. The author used these specific worlds and quotes to tell us that we should learn the innocents of a child and reach out to learn about the people around you. Without the â€Å"reaching out and touching†(2 & 3) part, the child wouldn’t have known that the person’s curly hair was electrifying (great curls). From lines 7 to 11, the mother, fear of bothering the person sitting in front of them, slapped the child’s hands away. With line 9 â€Å"hush-up of your questions† the poet is trying to make an analogy, as if â€Å"slapping hands away† (8) is what adults usually do. They don’t want their children to meddle into other people’s business, and in order to do that, we must not reach out to others. â€Å"What if reaching out in turn could cause the children pain†, is usually what the parents are thinking about. But children are too naà ¯ve to think that way. In line 11 â€Å"why it doesn’t come off† proves this innocence. The remaining lines of the poem started out with poet’s attitude shifting towards sympathetic/empathetic, when they were playful and unaware of the characters to begin with. The shift starts on line 13 with the word â€Å"but..† which indicated the child was upset from not able to cure their curiosity or the poet was trying to suggest was that the child was upset from not letting their caring personality portray through. â€Å"..in the fear that mother love wraps you in† is when the poet uses personification to show us that though mother love helps us grow, reaching out amongst friends is also a good thing. The title Reach out and Touch has a meaning beyond the literal. It is about reaching out to those of need and touch their hearts. With such a short  poem, Maxine Tynes was able to effectively illustrate the importance of reaching out and touching lives of other people. Whether it is a lovable hug or just a word of friendly advice, this type of reaching out could be the key to a better world. The message the poet was trying to portray was to tell readers that socialize with an open-heart, and you will be amazed how someone’s actions can touch your heart. By using subtle words of play, for example words like â€Å"magic,† â€Å"warm,† and â€Å"okay,† Maxine Tynes was able to portray just that.

Breastfeeding and Human Milk Essay

Breastfeeding is a tool, gift, and experience that a lot of mothers disregard, overlook and dismiss. This paper is aimed at proving the significance of this vital act of love. Breastfeeding not only provides vital nutrients, it also fosters many health, economic and emotional benefits. The advantages of breast milk will clearly outweigh any inconvenience some may complain of. Breast milk alone can provide all the nutrients a child needs until it is six months old with no other supplements needed. Human milk provides the perfect balance of nutrition, proteins, and hormones needed for a baby. It cannot be replicated by any other substance such as soy milks or formulas. Since breast milk is made specifically for the human infant, mother’s milk is more easily digested than any foreign substances like infant formula, cow’s milk or soy milk. Breast milk is a living substance, it will change as the baby’s nutritional needs change. There is no need to change it with age as you would with a traditional formula. Protein and essential fatty acids, such as DHA, that are found in human breast milk are perfect for assuring the best development for the central nervous system and brain. (llli.org 2007). There is no need for most mothers to introduce formula to their infants in order to assure health to their child. Formula is just an imitation of breast milk. I’m not sure why any mother would want to give their child such a cheap imitation when the best is available. It would be like wearing tennis shoes from Dollar General and throwing away a perfectly good pair of Louis Vuitton red stilettos. Human breast milk also has been proven to increase a child’s intelligence. Research suggests that the IQ’s of breastfed babies were significantly higher than those of formula fed infants. DHA found in human milk has been shown to boost visual acuity and cognitive development. (llli. org 2007) Additional health benefits also include but are not limited to: The brain, higher IQ’s are found in breastfed children. Cholesterol and other types of fat in human milk support the growth of nerve tissue. The eyes are helped. Visual acuity is higher in babies fed human milk. Even the ears stay healthier. Breastfed babies get fewer ear infections. The mouth palate is not disturbed as with some bottles. There is less need for orthodontics in children breastfed more than a year. There is improved muscle development of face from suckling at the breast. Subtle changes in the taste of human milk also prepares babies to accept a variety of solid foods. Throat surgeries are less likely. Children who are breastfed are less likely to require tonsillectomies. Respiratory systems are stronger. Evidence shows that breastfed babies have fewer and less severe upper respiratory infections, less wheezing, less pneumonia and less influenza. The heart and circulatory system reap benefits too. Evidence suggests that breastfed children may have lower cholesterol as adults. Heart rates are lower in breastfed infants. The digestive system sees fewer problems. Babies have less diarrhea, fewer gastrointestinal infections in babies who are breastfeeding. Six months or more of exclusive breastfeeding reduces risk of food allergies. Also, less risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in adulthood. The immune system is stronger. Breastfed babies respond better to vaccinations. Human milk helps to mature baby’s own immune system. Breastfeeding decreases the risk of childhood cancer. The endocrine system is boosted. There are reduced risk of getting diabetes. Kidneys do not have to work as hard. With less salt and less protein, human milk is easier on a baby’s kidneys. The appendix is healthier. Children with acute appendicitis are less likely to have been breastfed. The urinary tract sees fewer infections in breastfed infants. Joints and muscles hurt less. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is less common in children who were breastfed. Skin is smoother. Less allergic eczema is found in breastfed infants. Growth is regulated better. Breastfed babies are leaner at one year of age and less likely to be obese later in life. Bowels are cleaner. Less constipation and stools of breastfed babies have a less-offensive odor. (Sears, 2013) Another major perk of breastfeeding is the reduction in the SIDS rate. SIDS also known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is a worry to all mothers of newborns. Research has found that by just the act of breastfeeding, the instances of SIDS is less likely by 60%. (cdc. gov 2011) Sixty percent, that is not a small number. If I said that everyone would be sixty percent more likely to win the lottery if you bought your lottery ticket at Circle K grocery in Mountain View, Arkansas, most people would take off work, jump in their cars and race to get to Circle K. The lines to buy tickets would be out the door, but when you say breastfeeding reduces SIDS risk by 60%, most people just shrug it off. Makes one wonder which is more important to most people, the life of their child or the possibility of a little extra cash. I get that, yes, it is inconvenient at times, but once again the life of my child is more important. Breastfeeding is not fail safe, but can greatly improve the odds of a happy healthy baby. Breastfeeding also has numerous health benefits for the mother that a lot of people overlook or do not know. Nursing seems to reduce the chances of a woman getting breast cancer. The chances of breast cancer are reduced by twenty-five percent in breastfeeding moms. There is also a correlation in the length of time breastfed. The longer the child nurses the less the chance of the woman developing breast cancer. (Sears 2007) Another reward to the mother is the decrease in instances of osteoporosis. Non breastfeeding mothers are four times more likely to get a fracture from osteoporosis. (Sears, 2007) Ovarian cancer and uterine cancer risk are also slightly diminished by choosing to nurse. As per personal experience, I can vouch for the next benefit. I have six children and have had friends that were pregnant at the same time as me. Some of them breastfed and some of them did not. I have noted through the past few years that the mothers that breastfed consistently lost their pregnancy weight far faster than those that chose to formula feed. Breastfeeding burns many extra calories. Mothers that breastfeed tend to return to their pre pregnancy weights faster and have a smaller hip circumference one month postpartum. (WebMD, 2012) So, not only can I possibly increase my lifespan by nursing, I can look good doing it. The next benefit of nursing is financial. Breast milk is free! As with the economy being less than desirable, finances can be a bit tight. The cost of feeding an infant until age one is staggering. The cost to formula feed an infant is around $1200 per year. (kellymom. com 2012) Even with factoring in the cost of extra food for the nursing mom, the savings would be huge. Many low-income families have a very hard time affording the cost of formula, so the government ends up picking up the tab. If more moms would decide to nurse, the savings annually would be massive. Call me old fashioned or just plain hard, but I believe if a woman can breastfeed she should. There is no since in a woman sitting around sucking up government assistance when she could easily provide the nutrients herself for her child. Yes, I do understand some woman physically cannot breastfeed, but I believe most of it comes down to pure laziness and lack of effort. The emotional bond of nursing a child is also fostered by breastfeeding. Since physical contact is important for newborns, breastfeeding is perfect. It helps them feel more secure, comforted and warm. Moms also tend to relax and enjoy some quiet close times with their children. (womenshealth. gov, 2013) Having a newborn can be quite stressful and slowing down to take the time to hold your baby close and nurse skin to skin has quite the soothing effect for mothers. Nursing stimulates the production of Oxytocin, which lets the milk flow and calms the mother. While formula feeding moms still bond with their children, the closeness that mother and baby receive while nursing is far more than any bottle can provide. We have been the product of an on the go society. Everything is made to go fast fast fast. Unfortunately, our children have fell victim to this phenomena also. A lot of mothers sacrifice the bonds provided by breastfeeding for the convenience of a bottle. As mentioned earlier, breastfeeding can also benefit society. A nation could avoid 1000 deaths per year if 90 percent of mothers chose to breastfeed exclusively for at least six months. Also, we could save approximately $13 billion per year with less medical cost because breastfed babies tend to be healthier. (womenshealth.gov, 2013). With healthier children, moms would have to miss less work because of taking off for sick children. Society also can reap the rewards of less waste if more mothers breastfed. There would be less plastic waste from bottles and bottle liners. I really do not see why anyone would not want to at least attempt to feed their child naturally. The milk never has to be mixed, heated, or measured. Bottles do not have to be sterilized, washed, or bought. The milk will not expire or cost you a dime. The bond with the child will last a lifetime and the time will not be wasted. The immunity and health benefits are extensive. I do know that not all moms get the privilege of staying home with their children, but pumping is still a viable option. The milk itself is the real goal. The colostrum â€Å"first milk† has been deemed as liquid gold. Just a few weeks of colostrum can boost the child’s immunity greatly. If a woman can just give it a chance, it would be a choice she would never regret. There are no harmful effects for the mother from breastfeeding. The only time a mother should not breastfeed is when she has HIV or advanced cases of tuberculosis. (Medlineplus. gov, 2013) Also, another consideration would be if the mother is using illegal drugs. The drugs would be harmful if passed through the milk and ingested by the infant. All in all I believe breastfeeding is the best start any mom can give her child. We give our children shots in order to avoid diseases, why not give them the liquid gold that only a mommy can make? With just a little effort and selflessness, a mother can provide her baby with a lifetime of betterment. Bibliography Breastfeeding. April 5, 2013. Women’sHealth. gov. September 2013 www. womenshealth. gov/breastfeeding Breastfeeding. August 26, 2013. CDC. gov. September 2013 www. cdc. gov/breastfeeding Breastfeeding Answers. March 25, 2013. La Leche League. September 2013 www. llli. org Breastfeeding vs Formula. February 2012. WebMd. September 2013 http://www. webmd. com/baby/breastfeeding-vs-formula-feeding-twins? Common Newborn Concerns. October 26, 2011. KellyMom. September 2013 http://www. kellymom. com MedlinePlus. August 15, 2013. National Institutes of Health. September 2013 www. nlm. nih. gov.

Event management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Event management - Essay Example The brief discussion comprehended in this paper concentrates on the event of â€Å"World Day against Child Labour† which is planned to be held on 12th June, 2012.Hereby, the objective of the paper will focus on the event management strategy for the organisation of â€Å"World Day against Child Labour† on 12th June, 2012 In this context, the management of the program will involve the concept of the event along with its intention to gather organisations for the event The paper will also involve a brief description of the target group for whom the event will be held along with the estimated budget required, execution strategies and required marketing plan with the professional partners and sub-contractors. Concept of the Event The observation of â€Å"World Day against Child Labour† was commenced by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in the year 2002 as a strong movement against the global extension of child labour. However, the accomplishment against this vulnerable issue initially took place through the acceptance of Convention No. 182 by ILO in 1999. Following this adoption, ILO also announced the â€Å"World Day against Child Labour† as 12th day of June each year by 2002 which was also consolidated with the annual consensus concentrated upon the elimination of child labour including the working children below the age of 15 years. According to the current scenario that has been acknowledged by ILO, more than 215 millions of children all around the world are victim to this vulnerable issue of child labour which certainly require adequate attention from the major international bodies (United Nations, 2010). The abolition with regards to the child labour was one of the necessary steps that have been taken at the foundation of ILO in the year 1919. ILO has also considered the minimum age of being employed for a child to be his/her age after completing the compulsory schooling which have been pronounced in the Convention No. 138. To be precise, children at work must be more than 15years of age; however, light work according to the capability of the child can be allocated to the children aged between 13 to 15 years. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that any hazardous work which may have a severe impact on the health should engage only the children above the age of 18 years (ILO/IPEC-SIMPOC, Geneva, 2007). The emerging scenario of the child labour has been regarded as one of the most embarrassing situations in this global world of development. With regards to the prevention step against the child labour, ILO has taken numerous initiatives with the assistance of different concerned organisations such as United Nations Convention, and International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour among others (ILO/IPEC-SIMPOC, Geneva, 2007). The figure estimated by ILO indicates that more than 15 millions of child workers amongst the total numbers of child labour victims are involved with risky and harmful work s which certainly depicts a severe condition of the working environment (United Nations, 2010). Emphasising on its commitment to eliminate the Worst Form of Child Labour within the year 2016, International Labour Organisation (ILO) has undertaken several strategies towards this hazardous situation which includes generating increasing awareness amid the world societies and the corporate environment (United Nations, 2010). Hence, the â€Å"World Day against Child Labour† can be regarded as an important event to encourage the world from excluding the activities which encourage children to be involved in hazardous working conditions or such employments which do not meet their requirement of health and education. In this regards, the objectives for this event that need to be in practice for this world day can be identified as the generation of understanding and

Entertainment in Antarctica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entertainment in Antarctica - Essay Example This detail ensures that scientists and workers actually look forward to their leisure time after completing a hard day’s work. The general public is not aware of what goes on day to day at the Antarctic and how important entertainment is to these workers state of mind. Since it is such a barren continent there is not much interest to know about life on Antarctica from the general public. Scientifically Antarctica is very popular. Entertainment on Antarctica and its importance to the workers is a very interesting and illuminating topic. Throughout my discussion I will discuss and breakdown the foundation for entertainment amongst the inhabitants in Antarctica. This will be divided into four section; basics of time, seasons and weather, scientific study and job performance, psychology of inhabitants and importance of entertainment, and the available activities. An individual living in Antarctica can describe the season as follows, cold and colder. Seasons do not progress like the rest of the world due to the extreme weather conditions. Winter runs from April to October and summer April to August (this is an overlapping time frame, you need to fix this, summer cannot be in the middle of winter!). Temperatures vary depending on wind chill factor. Summer temperatures ranges from 40 degrees below zero to 36 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. Winter temperatures vary from 150 degrees below zero to 40 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. Four months out of the year consist of 24 hours of darkness. Another four months have 24 hours of daylight and the remaining months have a mixture of day and night. (Antarctica Online, 2006). Antarctica has been occupied since 1951, housing scientists in various fields. They study the wonders and mysteries of the extreme climate (List a couple of the current research fields) (Antarctica Online, 2006). Besides scientist there are many other occupations needed to make the station function on a day to day basis. The life on the

Discussion Board 2-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 2-2 - Essay Example Following state and federal laws as well as professional codes of ethics assist assessors and test-taker in solidifying credibility of their psychological tests and assessments. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturnam (2013) elucidate that the laws and codes of ethic act as basic standards that assessors and test-takers should rely on to produce inadmissible test and assessment results. Following state and federal laws and professional codes of ethics guides in observing client’s rights, which foster may work to encourage more disclosure about problems faced. Following laws and professional codes of ethics assist assessors and test-takers ensure mental, emotional and physical safety of all parties involved in a given psychological test or assessment. The laws and codes of ethics usually clarify the extents to which assessors may go in interrogating clients (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturnam, 2013). The limits are usually such that there is maximum observation of client’s independence and safety. Furthermore, following established laws and professional codes of ethics can work out as defence for assessors in case they are to face false incrimination or accusations as regards conducted psychological tests or

Explain a company's cost of capital and how it is calculated Essay

Explain a company's cost of capital and how it is calculated - Essay Example This means that since the investor provided the capital, there is a rate of return that would be demanded by them to compensate them for the time value of their money and the risk that they have to incur in investing. For this risk, cost of capital is sometimes called as hurdle rate. And for a project to be considered approved, it must earn more than its hurdle rate. The cost of capital determines how a company can raise money through issuing bonds, borrowing or both (Invetopedia.com, 2011). Determining the cost of capital is important in capital budgeting, determination of a company’s Economic Value Added (EVA), deciding when to lease or purchase of assets and regulation of electric, gas and telephone companies. The cost of capital is specific to each particular type of capital that the company uses (Moneyterms.co.uk, 2011). It could be the cost of equity or the cost of debt or the combination of both. The cost of equity is the rate of return on equity required by a company i mplicitly estimated using valuation ratios. The differences in the cost of equity is an important component of differences in the ratings at which different companies and sectors trade. The cost of capital of a security is for the valution of the securities.

The Sedition and Alien Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sedition and Alien Act - Essay Example The act also brought an end to protesting to the government, restricted immigration into the United States, denied citizens freedom of speech, and also gave room for the arrest of the lawmakers. These laws were under national security guise; however, the bottom lines was that they were signed to decrease the number of people especially voters who were against the Federalist Party. It should be noted that at this point, many immigrants especially the French and Irish most of which supported the Democratic republicans and Thomas Jefferson and Madison who were the main Federalists opponents. Notably, Thomas Jefferson opposed the terms of these acts and this led to his 1800 election and brought to the end the effects of Alien and Sedition acts by 1801 (Kellogg 81). Many nations and political systems are still applying this situation or often introduce laws that favor their rules opposed to the advances of their opponents. In most cases, these have led to war and rebellion across many nations across the world. Thus, it is vital for political leaders to act or introduce acts and laws that benefit the country and the people as opposed to their personal gains especially retaining them into

Local Area Network Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Local Area Network Design - Assignment Example From this research it is clear that WAN technology is implemented in many different ways depending on the requirements of the organizations. Topology is the network structure which can be connected to multiple networks structured on different topologies. Corporate organizations need massive volume of data to be transferred from their head office and remote offices. For example, the backup servers located in the head office, needs to be updated on a regular basis. The data from the remote offices is essential to be updated on the backup server at every 24 hours. The bandwidth requirement depends on the data type and volume of the information which needs to be synchronized or transferred from the remote offices. For universities, bandwidth requirements are aligned with application and data that needs to be transferred from each campus to another, depending on the network structure. Moreover, security issues must be addressed, as academic papers, results and exams are stored in a databa se that can be exploited by hackers. However, connecting remote offices securely and effectively can be accomplished by implementing Virtual Private Networks operating on WAN. Blue Coats system executive Chris Webber says, â€Å"Credit must be given to the WAN technologies for facilitating the corporate organizations economically†. The packet switching network is directly connected to the Internet Service Provider similar to a network device i.e. hub. As more than one customer is subscribed to the service running on a PSTN, bandwidth issues are common; however, they can be managed by configuring a router that can be connected to a dedicated physical connection. Likewise, the physical connection can be segmented by virtual connections that can be allocated to remote offices of the organization. Some of the technologies that contributed in a packet switched network are frame relay networks and X.25 protocol. After discussing these two type of networks, cell switching is the thi rd type of network. The packet switching network transmits data or data packet in a variable length frame, while, the cell switching network transmits data packet in cells of fixed size and length. Likewise,

Summary response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary response paper - Essay Example in Durham Regional Hospital where educational events were held for the purposes of instructing the hospital staff on the aims of RRT as well as the criteria for calling a rapid response. Further, the critical care unit (CCU) got trained on ways of assisting floor nurses asses and stabilize patients as well as on the means of communicating with physicians through Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation (SBAR) method (Critical Care Nurse, 1). After education and update of policies, the RRT process was implemented and then later evaluation and review of the outcomes of the process. The review results indicated that the Rapid response calls had a significant increase while a decrease in the number of code blue calls. The findings facilitated the creation of action plans with a focus on safety and education. Additionally, according to the findings of the survey, there should be supplies that lead to standardized box placed at the bedside of every RRT call. Consequently, staff and patient satisfaction was on the rise as outcomes improved (Critical Care Nurse, 1). The aim of the program is to advocate and initiate enteral nutrition for critically ill patients within 24 to 48 hours as means of improving outcomes (Critical Care Nurse, 1). Feeding into stomach normally leads to suboptimal enteral intakes due to the feedings being held for gastric residual volumes (GRV) or can also lead to patient intolerance due to ileus. The shared governance committee decided upon the use of an Electromagnetic Placement System (EMPS) to achieve safe enteral access beyond the pylorus. Postpyloric feeding is advantageous since it leads to greater enteral nutrition delivery to patients, as there are minimal interruptions of feeding (Critical Care Nurse, 1). Collaborative efforts also led to the establishment of a training program together with hands – on opportunities for bedside placement of the tube by the nurse. Furthermore, additional online support was availed on the

Parenting styles Essay Example for Free

Parenting styles Essay Child development has been a topic of interest of most developmental psychologists, especially in terms of the relationship between a parent and a child (Eisenberg et al. , 2009). There has been considerable effort in establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between a particular approach that a parent employs and the resulting behavior in a child. Unfortunately, the precise connection has been quite elusive, as there are yet a number of factors that could influence the impact of a parental action towards a child. There are also other external factors that may modify the impact of a specific parental action, thus generating a modified response in a child (Jackson et al. , 2008). Another complicating factor to consider in this type of analysis is the observation that children show varied responses to a specific parental approach despite the utmost similarity in the characteristics of the child’s immediate environment. There are also twin studies that depict variations in the personalities of children despite their growth and development in the same location. One widely recognized association between parenting styles and the impact on children is that established by Baumrind (1967). In her study involving approximately 100 children who were at their pre-school age, four dimensions were identified to be strongly associated with parenting. Among these were the type of strategy that was employed in instilling discipline in a child, the degree and method of providing care and warmth to a child, the mode of communicating to a child and the amount of maturity of a parent towards his child. These dimensions could thus characterize a specific parenting style, of which could be easily identifiable among parents. This essay will present the four parenting styles that were described by Baumrind (1967), as well as analyze the impact of each style on the general well being of the child. The four styles of parenting according to Baumrind (1967) The term parenting pertains to a complex action that is strongly associated with a particular behavior that influences a child’s growth and development. Parenting can thus become a positive or a negative factor on how a child with turn out. It should be understood that parenting is a complex behavior because it is often difficult to directly associate one behavior to a specific outcome in a child. For example, the physical infliction of punishment, such as spanking, does not automatically result in the creation of a juvenile delinquent. Moreover, reading a story to a child does not directly indicate that the child will turn out to be a well-disciplined young individual. The combination of all activities of a parent in relation to a child thus comprises the holistic concept of parenting. The main mechanism behind the adaptation of a parenting style by a parent is to control, as well as to teach their child to interact with other individuals. There are two general points that need to be understood with regards to the concept of parenting. Firstly, a parenting style may have variations that would create a unique and personal touch for each parent. In addition to the personal style of every parent, it is also common to observed parenting styles that have hints of cultural, religious and ethnic characteristics. For example, Asian parents are usually more protective of their children than parents from Western countries. It is therefore common to see families that are comprised of three generations living under one roof. A Catholic parent may also have slight differences in their parenting style, as this would include teachings of regularly going to church and in more conservative Catholics, recognizing days of fasting and abstinence. A parenting style may also be slightly modified based on the gender of the parent, wherein a male parent may perform such action using a masculine approach and a female parent would employ a feminine style. Another general point regarding the concept of parenting is that despite the variations in the approaches and styles that parents assume over their children, the main goal of parenting is still focused on the subject of control. Children, especially during their formative years, are highly malleable to external factors and thus every parent attempts to teach their children of the proper ways of going about regular activities in life. Since children are too young and immature to understand the principles and facts of life, parents thus take responsibility of teaching their children and in most instances neglect to explain every situation that comes by their children’s way. The simplest and effective method for a parent to prevent their children from experiencing any harm is to provide rules that would ultimately control their actions towards getting into trouble. Parenting is also related to two essential elements, namely responsiveness and capacity to demand. Parental responsiveness pertains to the degree to which a parent supports individuality and assertion on the part of the child. This element thus allows a child to perform actions that he wants to engage in, as long as these are still acceptable and proper. On the other hand, a parent’s capacity to demand pertains to the claim made on a child in order for this young individual to be integrated into the family. In addition, a parent’s level of demand is also associated with a parent being capable of confronting a child when he disobeys the established rules of the family. Authoritarian style of parenting. This parental approach is generally characterized by establishing rules in the household, of which the children are expected to follow. In any case that these rules are not followed, the parent then imposes a punishment on the child. One unique feature of this parenting style is that most parents do not provide any opportunity to explain to their children when a certain rule has been established in the home (Williams et al. , 2009). The child, on the other end, is thus unaware of the principle behind each rule, yet he would follow the rules in order to avoid getting any punishment from his parent. A strong correlation with the authoritarian style is the quality of having high standards, as well as great expectations on the part of the parent. It is quite unfortunate to see that despite the strict rules in the home, an authoritarian parent does not respond to the inquiries of the child. In addition, authoritarian parents are generally focused on the concepts of obedience within the family, as well as maintenance of the status of this social unit. Authoritative approach for parenting. In the authoritative style of parental behavior, the same rules are established in the household. This may be similar to what is observed in the authoritarian style of parenting, yet the authoritative approach also provides some unique features. Firstly, the authoritative style recognizes democracy in the family, wherein the children may express their concern and engage in discussions with their parents about a particular rule. On the part of the parent, there is also some extent of responsiveness towards the children, as the parent permits the opportunity for discussions and possibly, debate with their children. The authoritative approach to parenting also provides a nurturing environment to their children, including instances when the child has broken a rule that was established by the parent. More importantly, the authoritative parent also forgives a child when he is unable to fulfill the expectations that were described to him for delivery. Despite its similarity to the authoritarian approach to parenting wherein there are rules that have been established in the home, the authoritative style involves regular monitoring of the child, thus directing this young individual as he progresses through his childhood. In addition, the authoritative approach also employs clear and distinct rules that would result in an acceptable standard to both the parents and the children themselves. Permissive approach to parenting. Permissive parenting generally involves an indulgent approach to children, wherein only a few expectations are expected of the children. In addition, permissive parents seldom punish their children because there are no rules to follow at home. The parents also do not demand any signs of maturity, as well as self-control, from their children. In terms of comparing the predominant feature in permissive parenting, the parents are described to be more interactive and responsive, than the feature of being demanding of their children. Using this approach, the children thus sense a nurturing effect from their parents, as they are given the opportunity to communicate to their parents. It is also possible that children feel that their permissive parent is more of a friend than a strict parent. The uninvolved style of parenting. The uninvolved parent is often associated with having only a few expectations, as well as a low degree of responsiveness to their children. In this parenting approach, there is seldom any interaction between the parent and the children. However, it should be understood that despite the silence between the two parties, the basic needs of the child are still met, although the parent maintains a detached personality towards the child. There may also be cases wherein the uninvolved parent is unable to care for the child. The effect of various parenting styles on the child Every parenting style is destined to generate a specific impact on the recipient child. However, it should be understood that the total effect of a parenting style on a child could have inter-individual variations because the environment, genetics and other external factors will also contribute to the entire condition of the child. In general, the authoritarian approach to parenting generates children who are obedient. These children are commonly observed to be proficient in most of their activities. However it is also common to find that their children carry a low degree of self-esteem and often describe themselves to be unhappy. Children of authoritarian parents also find difficulty in interacting with other people (Williams et al. , 2009). Children of authoritative parents, on the other hand, are usually happy, as well as highly capable of producing their expected results. In addition, these children often result in successful lives during their adult year. Children of permissive parents are often unhappy, despite the freedom to perform any activity of their choosing. It has been reported that children of permissive parents are more likely to encounter problems due to illegal activities, as well as result in poor academic performance. The uninvolved approach in parenting generally results in the lowest quality of childhood, wherein children have been found to lose any sense of self-control. In addition, children of uninvolved parents often carry a low degree of self-esteem and are usually less competent that other children of the same age range (Eisenberg et al. , 2009). Variations in parenting styles are mainly due to the differences in the cultures and religious principles of parents. There are also other external factors that influence the predominance of a particular parenting style, such as the size and the socioeconomic status of the family (Jackson et al. , 2008). The educational level of the parents is also instrumental in the parenting style that would be adapted by a parent. Another factor to consider in parenting styles is that each parent may adapt a different approach and thus the child generally results in a specific personality that is the resultant effect of two different parenting styles. For example, the father could employ an authoritarian parenting style, while the mother engages in the permissive approach. The child thus adapts a personality and attitude that adjusts to the presence of both parenting styles. Conclusions There are four general parenting approaches that have been described by Baumrind (1967), resulting to distinct outcomes in a child. The authoritarian style is characterized by a strict set of rules, while the authoritative approach shows more lenience in house rules. Permissive parents often lacks monitoring and self-regulation of children, while the uninvolved parent is often distant to children. The variations in the growth and development of a child may be influenced by the parenting style that a parent employs and thus it is important to constantly monitor the progress of a child’s development in terms of the external influences that surround him. References Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75:43-88. Eisenberg, N. , Chang, L. , Ma, Y. Huang, X. (2009). Relations of parenting style to Chinese childrens effortful control, ego resilience, and maladjustment. Developmental Psychopathology, 21(2):455-477. Jackson, A. P. , Bentler, P. M. Franke, T. M. (2008). Low-wage maternal employment and parenting style. Social Work, 53(3):267-278. Williams, L. R. , Degnan, K. A. , Perez-Edgar, K. E. , Henderson, H. A. , Rubin, K. H. , Pine, D. S. , Steinberg, L. Fox, N. A. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(8):1063-1075.

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting Introduction Auditor liability has always been one of the main concerns of the public. Often falling under common law, tort law or both, public liability claims can arise out of unfair or unjust practices when it comes to auditing a companys financial standing (Lambe, 2007). The auditors can be held liable for approving a fraudulent account on behalf of a business organisation. Auditor liability, or failure to detect and report illegal manipulations of financial statements, could lead to serious damages for the shareholders of the company (Schaefer, 2004). In most cases, a fraudulent act exists when one or more auditors, on behalf of a company, approve inaccurate accounting for the reason of tax evasion or to strategically register for an Initial Public Offering (IPO). To prevent moral hazard associated with auditor liability, the British Serious Fraud Office has imposed heavy penalties on swindlers and white collar criminals in order to shut down or suspend suspicious businesses (Country Updates, 1997). On the other hand, auditors who are found guilty of professional negligence may end up facing a monetary loss or penalty through punitive fines and/or the confiscation of their licence to practise in the United Kingdom. According to Priddy (2011, p. 59), as stated by Michael Power of the London School of Economics, it was not reasonable to expect auditors to be challenging business models and raising strategic issues with finance directors, because that was not their job and if we want it to be their job, then things would have to change quite substantially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The direction of my comment is that we might be expecting too much from this black box [External Audit] in terms of what it actually delivers. In response to Powers statement, this report will first discuss the roles and responsibilities of external auditors and then provide a brief overview of corporate governance. In line with this, there is a strong need to go through some business theories and concepts that will enable readers to have a better understanding of how businesses function in the corporate world. Based on the individual offices and duties of shareholders, internal and external auditors, the board of directors, and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), this report will explain the limitations of the roles and responsibilities of external auditors when it comes to detecting and controlling fraudulent business activities. Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors External auditors are professionals who are hired to conduct audits based on the rules or laws on creating financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). According to Kwok (2005, pp. 151-161), accounting irregularities can be made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft, for instance, creating ghost employees, skimming from the proceeds, or stealing an asset. Specifically in the United Kingdom, Chartered Accountants and Certified General Accountants are the groups of individuals who are qualified to conduct external auditing. According to Poorter (2008), auditors practising within the United Kingdom have to perform a special duty of care towards a liable third party. This means that external auditors are made responsible for the fair, just and reasonable treatment of the companys external shareholders. In case of a binding contract between the company and its shareholders, it is a general rule for the external auditor(s) to fulfil his or her statutory duty as an auditor to shareholders collectively. As a standard operating procedure, external auditors are expected to evaluate the financial statement of an organisation on a yearly basis (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 261). Upon going through the financial statement of a government, a private company, or a legal organisation, external auditors are expected to come up with a professional opinion regarding the financial statement presented to them by the organisation (Kwok 2005, p. 178). Correspondingly, external audit committees are expected to determine whether the accountants are able to adapt along with generally accepted accounting principles or whether they have made appropriate judgments, estimates, and complete disclosures in the financial statements (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 259; Kwok 2005, p. 178). Given that the external auditors find something inappropriate in the presented financial statement, they should report their complaints to the company to allow the board of directors to review. As part of protecting the company and its shareholders, external auditors are expected to determine any possible damages that could result from the company owners major business decisions. Considering that external auditors are liable to both the company for which they work and the shareholders of the company as a third party, external auditors should avoid coming up with a biased judgment by making use of their best professional knowledge to protect the interests of everyone involved. Although internal and external auditors technically have the same roles and responsibilities when it comes to auditing a financial statement, an important difference between the two is that an external auditor is an independent party outside the organisation being audited (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). Another difference between internal and external auditors is that the general public, large groups of investors, and government agencies have the tendency to rely more on the audit report coming from the external auditors than the report presented to them by the internal auditors. Brief Overview with regards to Corporate Governance According to Colley et al. (2005), corporate governance refers to a system of authoritative direction or government which carefully examines the individual roles and responsibilities of the business owners, the shareholders, the board of directors (executive and non-executive), the CEO, and accountants. Since corporate governance is composed of both neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18), a lot of people consider good corporate governance as an acceptable model of business ethics and a moral duty on the part of a corporations executives and board of directors. Board of Directors Aguilera et al. (2008) revealed that corporate governance is often considered as the basis for making policy for a business organisation in relation to the actual structure of the board, the activism of the shareholders, and overall business performance. With regards to organisational policies and procedures, the board of directors within a business organisation has a significant role to play when it comes to successfully implementing corporate governance (Nordberg, 2007; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41). For this reason, the members of the board are required not only to carefully analyse the corporate financial report, but also to meet regularly to discuss the proposed strategic plans and issues that will significantly affect the success of the business (Solomon 2007, p. 103). Executive and Non-Executive Directors The board of directors is composed of executive and non-executive directors. As part of strengthening corporate governance, the companys board of directors is given responsibility for making important decisions in the best interests of the company and its shareholders (Mallin 2007, p. 125). Aside from determining corporate goals, developing strategic plans that will enable the business to meet those corporate goals, and implementing organisational policies to meet the businesss objectives (Mallin 2007, p. 124; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41), the board of directors is responsible for controlling operations, making decisions for resource acquisitions, and driving improvements in the quality of service (Carpenter, 1988; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). Since not all of the members of the board are directly or actively engaged in the daily business operations of a company, readers should be aware of some crucial distinctions between the roles and responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors with regards to corporate governance. It is common business knowledge that the executive directors are the ones who are directly involved in the daily business transactions that occur within and outside of the company, whereas the non-executive or outside directors are not. Despite the differences between the responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors, the Commission has publicly announced under the Action Plan Modernisation of company law and enhancing corporate governance in the European Union that all of the board of directors (regardless of whether they are executive or non-executive) should at all times ensure their collective responsibility when it comes to monitoring the financial and non-financial information behind the corporation (Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 2003). Unlike the non-executive directors, the executive board of directors can easily access valuable business information such as corporate financial statements. By accessing this information, executive directors are able to examine company records on daily sales and expenses and other major business transactions like public shares, loans and investments. In the process of going through the companys financial statements, executive shareholders should be on the lookout for any signs of unusual business activity that could adversely affect the long-term operation of the business. Similar to the role of executive directors in corporate governance, it is the role and responsibility of the non-executive directors to reduce conflicting interests between the actual shareholders, the executive board of directors, and the management team who works behind the company (Solomon 2007, p. 82 and 92). For this reason, Waldo (1985, p. 5) strongly suggests that the best way for the executive and non-executive directors to perform their duty effectively is to actually go through the companys business information, including the corporate financial statement. Even though the non-executive directors are inactive in terms of monitoring the daily operations of a company, several studies revealed that the non-executive directors are expected to strictly and regularly monitor the progress of the overall business, its legal and ethical performance, strategic choices and implementation techniques used by the top management, including the appointing or removal of the members of the senior management aside from giving the rest of the board members some advice with regards to the strategies used in enabling the company reach the corporate goals and business objectives (Solomon 2007, p. 82; Carpenter, 1988)  [1]  . By closely monitoring the daily activities of the companys executive directors, the non-executive directors should make the executive directors accountable for the companys shareholders and external investors (Mallin 2007, p. 132; Solomon 2007, p. 88; Fama and Jensen, 1983). Solomon (2007, p. 86) revealed that there is a link between the role of non-executive directors and the role of institutional investors in the sense that the non-executive directors effort in ensuring that the business is free from any forms of corruption could somehow protect the socio-economic welfare of the companys public investors. Several authors suggest that the non-executive board of directors is strongly encouraged to actively participate in the board meetings with the rest of the directors and shareholders to protect the interests of the public investors (Mallin 2007, p. 125; Solomon 2007, pp. 86-88). Roles and Responsibilities of Accountants In general, accountants are not only made responsible for producing an accurate, true, and fair financial statement that not only enables the senior managers to make important business decisions, but also give the public stockholders the privilege of accurately monitoring their investments in the company. Because corporate accountants maintain accurate and transparent financial accounting information at all times, accountants play one of the few most important roles in the development of effective corporate governance. To ensure that the company is able to come up with an accurate corporate financial statement, the business organisation should hire internal and external auditors who are qualified in monitoring fair and true financial values. Discussion Romano (1996) explained that the shareholders have the authoritative power to influence the manifestations of legal and/or illegal business transactions. Given that most of the corporate shareholders are the business owners, these individuals are the ones who are in the position to select and elect their preferred members to the board for the purpose of managing the business affairs. On the other hand, it is the board of directors who appoint, hire, and delegate specific roles and responsibility to a selected CEO. In a normal business setting, it is the CEO who is in charge of managing the actual business operations. For this reason, the CEO is often made accountable not only to the business owners but also to the board of directors. Upon analysing the corporate structure that is commonly used in large-scale companies, it is often the business owners together with the voluntary participation of the executive directors, the CEO, and the accounting manager who have the authoritative power to manipulate the companys official business documents. By going through the corporate financial statement, the non-executive board of directors should search for any signs of unusual business activities that could create serious consequences for the company. To prevent coming up with a biased judgment, the non-executive board of directors should consult with the internal or external auditors regarding any signs of unusual business transactions. Due to the flow of authoritative power within a business organisation, it is possible on the part of the shareholders, the members of the board, and the CEO to enter into business collusion with the business owners. By engaging the cooperation of accountants, business owners and corporate leaders may easily manipulate corporate financial records at the expense of the stakeholders and external shareholders. According to Becht, Jekinson and Mayer (2005), collusion among corporate leaders makes corporate governance one of the most controversial topics related to business and finance. Cassill and Hill (2007) explained that according to the principles of corporate governance, by voting on major financial decisions, the board of directors is made responsible for ensuring a balance between the business owners monetary interests and actual profit-sharing with the companys employees and the rest of the other stakeholders. Several authors agree that corporate governance should be based on neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18). Since there is plenty of opportunity for the business owners to manipulate the board of directors to support their own personal interests, the concept of corporate governance can easily be violated at the expense of the majority of employees and public investors. A corrupt business culture is one that not only does not balk at accepting bribery, but may also be open to the practise of illegal offshore financing or the intentional manipulation of the actual financial statement (Dine, 2008). Within a business organisation, the board of directors and executives are among the few individuals typically behind the practise and development of a corrupt culture. For this reason, Dine (2008) revealed that European corporate law, following the UK model of corporate governance, is focused on investigating shareholders and the board of directors. Two good examples of real-world scenarios in the history of finance are the cases of WorldCom and Enron. In the case of WorldCom, its board of directors failed to fulfil their duty in terms of closely monitoring the executives management activities (Monks and Minom 2004, p. 509). This made them unable to protect the interests of their stakeholders. In the case of Enron, a total of 18 directors, including the CFO, ex-CEO, chief accounting officer and chief risk officer, voluntarily participated in the CEOs decision to manipulate the companys financial statement (Kim and Nofsinger 2006, pp. 52-53; Davis, 2005; CNN Money, 2004). Limitations in the Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors when it comes to Detecting and Controlling Fraud Activities in Business Although the general public, government agencies, and a large number of investors rely heavily on the audit reports coming from the external auditors, there are still some limitations with regards to what the external auditors can do in detecting and controlling fraud activities that could happen within a profit or non-profit organisations. Hicks and Goo (2008, p. 258) explained that it is the managements responsibility to prepare complete and accurate financial statements and disclosures in accordance with the financial reporting standards and applicable rules and regulations. Therefore, it is wrong to believe that the external auditors are solely responsible for preventing the incidence of financial fraud. As stated by Kwok (2005, p. 168), an audit does not guarantee the detection of all material misstatements because of such factors as the use of judgment, the use of sample testing, the inherent limitations of internal control, and the fact that much of the evidence available to the auditors is persuasive rather than conclusive in nature. Since external auditors are auditing financial statements that are presented to them by the corporate accountants, it is expected that external auditors could only provide the general public, investors, and government agencies with a reasonable assurance that the audited financial statements are free of misstatements, alteration of the accounting records, honest accounting errors, or falsification of the financial statements. Based on the Courts decision in the case of Caparo (Richards, 2004), in the absence of any contract between the auditor(s) and either the investor, a potential investor, or any other third party involved, no duty of care will be owed.  [2]  Despite the external auditors responsibility to double check the accuracy of a companys financial statements, external auditors who work for a public company owe no duty of care outside the existing shareholders who purchase stocks in reliance on a statutory audit. It simply means that the external auditors can only be held liable to investors, potential investors, or any other third party involved only if there is a written contract stating that the external auditor owes them duty of care. In fact, external auditor(s) who are held liable for pure economic loss are considered as a case of simple negligence under contract law. Schaefer (2004) explained that the case is different when the auditor(s) are being judged based on tort law because tor t law does not include a pure economic loss as a negligent act. Considering the difference between a contract law and a tort law, external auditor(s) who are found guilty of negligence will be held responsible and will be obliged to pay for the victims loss. In case an external auditor violates any of the auditing guidelines and is found guilty, the accused external auditor(s) will not be held responsible to compensate the victims loss because of the fact that tort law excludes liability of a pure economic loss. In other words, the victim of a wrong audit can demand a claim against those people guilty of the wrong audit under a contract law (Ewert, 1999). Given that the general public can prove that both external auditor(s) and the managers of the company colluded against the outside stakeholders, the stakeholders of a given company can demand a claim against both the parties involved. Even though external auditors can be held liable for negligence and misconduct, there is still a limit as to whether an auditor can be held liable for a misconduct or not. For example, in case an external auditor has not provided the actual report to the company he works for, any law suit filed during the time frame wherein the external auditor has not yet submitted his final report will not be considered punishable by the Court, because technically there is no duty of care that exists between the company and the external auditor(s) (Poorter 2008, p. 70).  [3]  In other words, the duty of care between an external auditor(s), the company, and the shareholders of the company will only exist when the external auditor has already submitted his final report to his client, the company. Basically, the extent of auditor liability will depend on the Court judgment and the degree of damages caused by the act of negligence that has occurred in the process. In line with this, it is possible for an act of negligence to occur when the external auditor(s) and the owner or manager of the company agree to underestimate the actual revenue of the company in order to pay lower taxes to the government; or both parties may agree to overvalue the company in order to be able to get a better price when selling the companys shares to the public. Since there are different ways in which auditor liability may occur, the Court will be responsible for the investigation behind the said act of negligence. According to Schaefer (2004, p. 9), external auditor(s) with a binding contract towards the third party involved should not be held responsible for the loss that may occur in the purchase of stocks as long as the auditors did not take any actions that could trigger the decline in the stocks value. Therefore, external auditor(s) who did not manipulate the value of stocks are free from being held responsible in case the value of stocks depreciated. Rather than considering the loss of a public investor as a result of negligence on the part of the external auditors, the public investors are expected to be responsible enough to study the market first before they invest their money in the stock market. In case the general public is able to prove that external auditors were behind the manipulation of stock prices in such a way that they depreciated over time, then the Court has the option to make the company, including those people who were directly involved in the process of the fraudulent act, partially liable for the victims monetary losses. However, if a buyer was able to sell his share of stocks at an overvalued price for the reason that the internal and external auditors were not able to accurately detect the true market value of the companys stocks, the person who bought the overpriced stocks will have to compensate for the loss simply because it was the buyers decision to purchase an overpriced share of stocks. Conclusion The personal obligations of external auditors to the general public or public investors is limited for the reason that the roles and responsibility of the external auditors are limited in terms of determining whether the accountants were able to present the financial statement based on the rules or laws accepted for the development of financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation. Likewise, external auditors are also made responsible for detecting any potential accounting irregularities made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft by the creation of ghost employees, skimming of the proceeds, or theft of an asset. Under the principles of corporate governance, the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants have different roles and responsibilities in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors. In case of a fraud scandal, it would be a misconception to put the blame purely on external auditors, since the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants share responsibility in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors.

Caring For an Aboriginal Patient with Chronic Renal Failure Essay

There's someone's first name in there ********************************************************************************************** Blood and urine studies which are taken from individuals experiencing renal failure manifest deviation in the result and show symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, impaired thought processes, lethargy and headaches. This is due to the decrease in function of the glomerulus causing their inability to filter urea and creatinine in the blood and excrete waste products from the Central Nervous and Gastrointestinal systems (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p.1295). In the assessment, she presented with an itchy face (pruritus) as a result of dry skin, calcium phosphate deposition in the skin and sensory neuropathy (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1298). The client is also experiencing anorexia, nausea and vomiting caused by irritation of the GI tract by waste products which contribute to weight loss and malnutrition (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1297). Glenda’s feeling of lethargy and confusion may be attributed to increase nitrogenous waste products, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis and demyelination of nerve fibers (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1298). Glenda’s laboratory findings was found to have high levels of serum creatinine with 1132 umoL/L and urea level with 45 mmol/L, that is normally 60-130 ummoL/L and 3-8 mmol/L, respectively (Callaghan, 2009, Appendix). This finding may suggest a decrease in glomerular and tubular function in the kidney, when in normal conditions, serve to filter and secre... ...tp://www.kidney.org.au/Kidneydisease/FastFactsonCKD/tabid/589/Default.aspx LaCharity, L. (2013). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Missouri (United States). Saunders. Mathers, T. & Bonner, A., (2008). Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease. In Brown, D. & Edwards, H. Lewis’s Medical- Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Australia. Elsevier. Stanley, D. (2012). Health, Wellness and Illness. In A. Berman & S. Snyder (Eds). Kozier and Erb Fundamentals of Nursing. French Forest. Pearson Australia. Staunton, P. & Chiarella, M. (2013). Law Nurses and Midwives. Victoria (Australia). Elsevier. Thackrah, R., & Scott, K. (2010). Indigenous Australian Health and Cultures. Australia. Pearson. Thomson, N. (2009). The Health of Indigenous Australians. Victoria, Australia. Oxford University Press.

Celies Transformation in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color P

Celie's Transformation in The Color Purple      Ã‚  Ã‚   Celie is not a typical protagonist. In Alice Walker's The Color Purple, the main character Celie is an ugly, poor girl who is severely lacking in self-confidence. However, Celie transforms throughout the course of the novel and manages to realize herself as a colorful, beautiful, and proud human being. Celie becomes a powerful individual.    The Color Purple follows Celie's transformation from an ugly duckling into a beautiful swan. What is remarkable is the fact that this transformation does not merely compose the plot of the novel, it also dominates the layout of the pages. The book's chapters are not written in a typical fashion as each chapter is a letter written from Celie to God, Celie to her sister Nettie, or Nellie to Celie. Alice Walker utilized this method of storytelling to give the reader a very personal glimpse into Celie's mind and soul. The writer gets a feel for Celie through her writing style- she uses specific phrasing to express herself and, over time, her mechanical writing skills improve greatly. We see Celie's thought process as she makes decisions and then writes about them. This powerful narration is the main driving force behind the words.      Ã‚   If we analyse the story instead of the narrative perspective can we see that the main reason of Celie's insecurity is caused by the way she is treated by men. She is sexually abus... ...kling transforms into a beautiful swan.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Klosowski, John E. "The Color Purple and Its True Color." Houston Cronicle. December 14, 1995 : 42-44.    Smith, Pamela A. "Green Lap, Brown Embrace, Blue Body: The Ecospirituality of Alice Walker." April Cross Currents 2000 (1999): 18 p. Online. Internet. 30 Nov. 2001.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available: http://www.aril.org.smith2.htm.    Walker, Alice.   The Color Purple. Washington. Pocket Books/Washington Square Press (1985). Winchell, Donna Haisty. Alice Walker. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Notes: 1 Walker, Alice, The Color Purple (1982), p. 11 2 ibid, p. 38 3 ibid, p. 76 4 Walker (1982), p. 82

Skin Grafting :: essays research papers fc

Skin Grafting Skin grafting, or, the transplanting of skin and other underlying tissues types to another location has been used for almost three thousand years. It originally began with the Hindu Tilemaker Caste System where skin grafting was used to reconstruct noses that had been amputated as punishment. Over time, it evolved, and in this contemporary age we possess two major means by which to transplant skin: split-thickness skin grafting and full-thickness skin grafting. In split-thickness skin grafts, the skin graft includes only the epidermis and a portion of the dermis. The thickness of the slice can be broken down further into a thin layer (.008-.012 mm), a medium layer (.012-.018 mm), and a thick layer (.018-.030 mm). This type of skin grafting is used primarily when cosmesis, or, the concern for the appearance of the patient, is not a key concern, or when the defect is too large for the use of a full-thickness skin graft. Split-thickness skin grafts are employed in various situations including: chronic non healing cutaneous ulcers, temporary coverage to allow for the observation of a possible tumor reoccurrence, surgical correction of depigmenting disorders, and coverage of burn areas to accelerate wound healing and reduce the loss of fluids. The procedure for harvesting and transplanting split-thickness grafts begins with the measurement of the skin defect. A purse-string placed around the defect reduces its size and thus also the size of the graft that must be harvested from the donor. Effective donor sites include thighs, buttocks, and upper arms. Then the donor site is lubricated with sodium chloride and a sterile tongue depressor is placed across the donor site to create a flat surface. The surgeon then applies the dermatome to the donor site and slices off the necessary layer of skin. The newly harvested skin is placed in a sodium chloride solution and is prepared to be meshed. Meshing is advantageous when one wants to increase the ratio of the skin graft. By placing it in the mesher, the graft becomes flatter and obtains a diamond plate appearance. Keep in mind that while it is acceptable to trim the graft to fit the recipient site, it is better to have some overlapping between the donor tissue and the recipient bed. The slight-thickness skin graft is secured by staples and a bolster may be applied to encourage graft apposition to the recipient bed, to decrease shearing forces, and to maintain a moist environment f or the graft.

Representation of Athletes in the Media

There has been an abundance literature on the subject of the representation of female athletes in the media, from television coverage and newspapers to magazines and websites. From ancient Greece where it was not allowed for women to partake in or even watch the Olympic Games and the power and independence of the Amazonian tribal warrior woman, to present day and the struggles with underrepresentation and misrepresentation of female athletes in sport media (George, Hartley, Paris, 2001; Creedon, 1994; Bernstein, 2002).The mass media is a sociocultural machine that churns out influential images and articles about (sporting) issues that reflect ideologies, values and beliefs that shape societies attitudes towards that issue, such as the underrepresentation of female athletes and women’s sport causing society to believe that women’s sporting achievement and participation in sport is inferior or of little value or less exciting then male athletes and male sport (George, Har tly, Paris, 2001; Bernsein, 2002; Duncan, 1990; Sagas et al, 2000; Economos, C. D. , Brownson, R. C. , DeAngelis, M. A. , Foerster, S. B. , Foreman, C. T. , Gregson, J. Kumanyika, S. K. and Pate, R. R. , 2001). Harris (1999) puts it that the ‘attitudes towards the institution of sport generate and support sexist ideologies and beliefs about gender’ (; 98). The literature focusses its research analysis on two main underlying issues, these being the amount of coverage and secondly, the type of representation created in the mass media of female athletes and women’s sport. These issues can be broken down further into ‘sub-issues’ which focus on the representation of women in visual media – photos, verbal descriptors – commentary, contextual – articles (Alexander, 1994; Bernstein, 2002).The amount of coverage in all mass media forms in certain time frames are usually consisting of the analysis of media revolving around the largest spo rting event in history – The Olympics. It has been proven that aside from the two weeks every four years for the Olympics and arguably the two weeks for the Commonwealth Games, sport media coverage of female sports is almost forgotten, non-existent or even ignored (Jones, 2006), for example; less than 10 per cent of coverage increases to an average of 26 per cent during major sporting events such as the Olympics (Bruce, 2008).The media’s coverage of female athletes does not carry a fair portrayal of women in sport but serves to reinforce ideologies that women are inferior and are ‘socially constructed as an alternative to their male counterparts, who play the version of the sport that â€Å"really counts†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Jones and Jackson, 1999. p 99). Many of the ways in which media has been found to represent women can be deconstructed in the photographs used in the media.Lee (1992) found, in his analysis of the Globe and Mail and the New York Times coverage of the 1984 and the 1988 Olympic Games, that male athletes received 60. 4% of the photographic coverage in parallel with the female athletes who had only 26%. So we can already begin to understand how the media is responsible for this under and miss representations of female athletes.Vincent, Imwold, Masemann and Johnson (2002) suggests 4 ways in which one can break down the denotations of imagery; 1 – Competitive: where the athlete is actively pictured partaking in his/her sport, 2 – Non-competitive: this is when an athlete is not actively participating in the sport but is in a setting whereby the sport is apparent, 3 – Active: the athlete is physically doing something other than the sport, for example spectating, 3 – Posed: when the athlete is depicted in a non-sport setting and is posed for the camera.Duncan (1990) suggests women represent ‘otherness’ in photographs when there is a focus on A) women’s physical appearance (the ‘b est looking’, ‘best kept’ athletes are captured more, B) poses with sexual connotations (images revealing body prats to resemble soft-core pornography), C) displays of emotion (tearful athletes, in victory or defeat) and D) sexual differences (women being passive and men as active).So, female athletes being pictured in a way that suggests passiveness, sexually difference and non-competitiveness, for example, will only function to perpetuate ‘otherness’ and inferiority in the sport, therefore cause to devalue and marginalise the accomplishments of female athletes (Jones, 2006). When female athletes do get high percentages of photographic coverage in the media, the photographs depict the female athletes in a passive or non-athletic role.Boutlilier and SanGoivannis’ (1983) study of the 25 year special edition of Sports Illustrated found 60 per cent of the photos of women showed them in this way and those photos depicting men in the same way was o nly 44 per cent. It can be argued this is because, in western culture, women that show traits of active physicality, toughness and aggressiveness are seen in the eyes of society as lesbian, due to these classically masculine sporting characteristics (Kane and Lenskyj, 1989).Homosexuality is only just being appreciated as a socio-acceptable sexuality, France is set to legalize same-sex marriages in 2013. But at the moment it would seem that sporting ideologies are behind the times as far as progression in social changes are concerned. In sport it can be seen as a threat to the male dominance that surrounds sport. A lesbian presence in sport is a threat because it disrupts and challenges the male hegemony by ‘upsetting existing power structures based on gender and sexuality’ (Kane and Lenskyj, 1989, p. 89), this leads to the media and the sporting industry to underrepresent female athletes and/or fix the female athletes with a heterosexual role, like wife or mother, or em phasize their heterosexuality with ‘heterosexy images’ (Griffin, 1992, p 225; Kane and Lenskyj, 1989). Heterosexy images can best be explained like this, ‘for women, being an athlete contradicts the conventional female roles, and thus the media coverage emphazises other aspects of their â€Å"femaleness†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (such as their attractiveness) (Knight and Giuliano, 2002, p 219).Martina Narvatiolva, a professional tennis player who won 18 Grand slam titles through the 80s, has always been open about her homosexuality and due to this fact received less endorsements and sponsorships throughout her career than her predecessor Chris Evert (Creedon, 1998). These two female tennis players both won the same amount of Grand slam singles titles, so it seems like a blatant strike against those who challenge dominant beliefs about male hegemony in sport.Others have learned from this, Nelson (1991) remarks on the LPGA (Ladies Pro Golf Association) and how the ‘[s]p onsors, LPGA staff, and players attempt to†¦ play up marriages and mothers, employ an image consultant to serve as hairstylist and make-up artists and maintain†¦a â€Å"silence so loud it screams†. Sponsors are only interested in sport which gains the most coverage, women’s sport and female athletes do not feature enough in the media for the sponsors to be interested, therefore when females are ‘glammed’ up and conforming to heterosexy images like mother or wife, they are more appropriate for mass media coverage (Berstein, 2002).What has happened and is happening in women’s sport is that women find themselves emphasizing their femininity so that they do not get pigeonholed as socially different, Del Ray (1978) and Felshin (1981) call this the apologetic approach theory. Women such as Jessica Ennis are encouraged to feel like they have to be overtly feminine, for example pose for fashion magazines and take part in interviews which constantl y undermine the achievements of female athletes. Female athletes are conforming to a very old patriarchal ideology of women that is increasingly forgotten in society but is very much the way in sport.This again is proof to what has previously been stated, that sporting ideologies are behind the times in regards to social change. The modern Olympic Games were reborn and were reserved for men only; in the first modern Olympics in 1896 there were not female participants. In the 1900 Games onward the number of women competing gradually grew until one millennia later more athletes competed that ever in 188 events including women’s weightlifting (Berstein, 2002) and now in 2012 is the first ever Olympics to allow female boxing.Women who compete in, what are considered male ‘appropriate’ sports are said to be challenging traditional gender role expectations and so are going against the grain of conventional ideologies in sport and society (Creedon, 1994). Boxing is abso lutely seen as a male dominated sport and so are many others such as rugby, football, basketball and weightlifting, these are considered as ‘male appropriate’ sports.The idea of male and female appropriate sports further increases the social differences between men and women in sport and by imbedding this social dichotomy sexual (physical) difference becomes gender (social) difference (Lenskyj, 1987; Kane and Greendorfer, 1994). This suggests that men and women in sport are equal to partake in any sport but the sport and media industry, by means of this segregation, are prescribing to male dominance through gender appropriating sports.For example, Tuggle and Owen’s (1999) study of the 1996 Olympic Games discovered female athletes were more likely to receive media attention if they competed in female appropriate sports. They found that 61 per cent of media coverage of women was concentrated on swimming, diving and gymnastics. These sports, along with the likes of ice skating and tennis, are ranked more sex appropriate for women because they comprise of graceful, smooth and fluid body movements that require no heavy bodily contact or contests of strength and aggression (Colley, Nash, O’Donnell and Restorick, 1987; Metheny, 1967).If men’s sport and therein masculinity is defined and associated with aggression and violence, then female athletes who take part in these sports are seen to cross the gap and are socially viewed as men and as lesbian and also vice-versa, male athletes who’s sports consists of diving and ice skating are seen and women and therefore ‘soft’ and homosexual (Eisler, 1987). With such a divide in sport, towards male and female, and the medias bias of representation and coverage towards male sport and male athletes then it can only lead the public opinion to assume that female athletes are the ‘social other’ and less important than male athletes.Sabo and Curry Jansen (1992. 176) put that†¦ the skills and strengths of women athletes are often devalued in comparison to cultural standards linked to dominant standards of male athletic excellence, which emphasize the cultural equivalences of hegemonic power, self-control, success, agency and aggression. The dichotomy can be argued as a good thing to inspire young women to play sport, according to one Australian female athlete who posed for a sexy calendar.She said it was ‘nice to feel like a women because you just feel like a dog after training with your hair all wet’ (â€Å"Stars back glamour for promotion†, 1994). She went on to say how young girls today are turned off by sport because ‘they don’t want to look muscle bound and sweaty and ‘grimy’ and that ‘glamorous’ sportswomen in the calendar would encourage girls to participate’’ (Wells, 1994). It would seem that due to the underrepresentation of women’s sport in the media, young girls only see men in sport so automatically will assume they will become muscle bound and hairy.The company that produced the calendar said that ‘the public image of female athletes is â€Å"masculine with hairy armpits† and the calendar presented women who appeared â€Å"feminine, soft and sexy†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Games girls’ fund-raising, 1994). However, one can argue that this type of encouragement into sport will have negative influences on young women such as the hyper-feminine athlete competing for recognition through her attractiveness instead of her achievements, leading away from social change and backing the patriarchal beliefs in sport. Anna Kournikova is a good example case study of this theory.Anna was dubbed tennis’s pin-up girl and in the year 2000 Kournikova was ranked 8th in the world. Usually an 8th seed or and 8th ranked would very rarely get a mention in the media but as one web-based writer put it ‘the Anna Kournikova pheno menon proves you don’t need to win tournaments to get your name- and photo- in the media’ (see Thomas, 2001). Kournikova ‘herself and the people surrounding her orchestrate the type of media coverage and hype she generates†¦As a result she has made millions from endorsements and was ranked No. 4 on this year’s Forbes â€Å"celebrity 100† – higher than any other sportswomen’ (Thomas, 2001). Is the underlying message to young women you have to be attractive to succeed in sport or is it to succeed in sport, like anything else, you need to have the drive, motivation and skills. Mackay (1999) says there is a definitely a positive from athletes such as Kournikova in that girls are encouraged by her to run around and get sweaty and that twenty years ago this was not considered feminine.Perhaps encouraging young women into sports this way and increasing the numbers of women in sport will force the media to change the way they represent wo men in the future. Gender marked sports/ appropriate sports. Leads to Language and stereotypes Journalists and reporters mainly male, women don’t want to cover females, it doesn’t pay aswell. With the passing of Title IX, which sates ‘[n]o person†¦shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,†¦any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance,’(Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972), so many young women now actively take part in sports.For example, in the United States 2 million young women compared to just 300 000 now take part in school sports (Becker, 1988; National Federation of State High School Associations, 1991). So, all this new interest and up-and-coming talent and increased investments there has been post Title IX, $4 million in 1974 to $16 million (Sullivan, 1985), it begs the question of; why is the media not making any attempts to break out of the patriarchal belief system and encourage socia l change through the images in puts out? Also, who’s interests is it to portray and promote the modern female athletes as role models (Kane and Greendorfer, 1994).

Autocratic Style Of Leadership Education Essay

Leadership is the procedure of act uponing others to work volitionally towards an organisations end and to their best of their capablenesss. The kernel of Leadership is followership. In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a individual a Leader. It is of import to the success of any group, although the nature and manner of Leadership needed in one status may differ well from that needed in another. Leadership is important in actuating and animating the work force. Some of the Leadership manners chosen are Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire and Paternalistic.2.2.1 Autocratic manner of LeadershipAutocratic manner is besides known as the autocratic manner of Leadership. In such a manner, determination devising is centralized in the manus of the Leader himself, who does non promote engagement by subsidiaries. Indeed subordinates thoughts might be actively discourage and obeisance to orders would be expected from them. Wise leaders maintain the usage of bos sy methods to a lower limit as they know this attack closes the door to communications with the group they control ( Norman, S and Vigor, H 1991 ) . This manner of Leadership can be used at school particularly when the Administrators do non anticipate any feedback or justification ; that is one manner communicating is used. This can be used for illustration in a formal meeting with the Educator.2.2.2 Democratic manner of LeadershipUnder this manner, leaders consult the group and beg their sentiment and engagement in determination devising procedure ( Sheikh 1999, p.145 ) . The democratic manner of Leadership is more appropriate in about all state of affairss in the school. Covering with people is the most ambitious undertaking to be done. Thus Administrators can follow this manner to obtain feedback of pupils and besides welcome suggestion for the best of the pupil. In the category the Educator can follow this manner to be certain that everyone has good understood the category deliv ered to them. In this manner Educator will cognize whether they have succeeded in their undertaking or non.2.2.3 Individualistic manner of LeadershipThe individualistic manner is besides known as the free rein manner of Leadership. This manner may work efficaciously when the subsidiaries are extremely competent, able to exert self-denial and can hold the capacity to take determination ( Sheikh 1999, p.146 ) . Individualistic manner can be used when there is any event which is organized. The function of the Educator is to put their mark and leave the pupil on their ain to finish the work. Bing motivated in an event the pupil will probably to execute good in doing the readyings.2.2.4 Paternalistic manner of LeadershipThe paternalistic Style of Leadership can be helpful if it used at school. The Educator already acts as a â€Å" Father † or â€Å" Mother † for the pupil. Some pupil is even more at easiness to discourse any issue with their Educator alternatively of their ain parents. This is due to the fact that about all parents work today and the pupil find merely the Educator to whom they can show their positions, feelings and sentiments. The Administrators can besides follow this manner with the Staff of the school. This will promote the Educator to work more assurance. Knowing that they are trusted, the Educator will be more motivated to work and will therefore give their best in their work.2.3 Administrator as an effectual LeaderLeadership is portion of good direction. A Manager with a acute sense of concern and an first-class cognition of planning, commanding and forming must be a strong Leader, although if his cognition is to be of any usage. The Manager seeks to see a Leader, it is of import that he understands the qualities, attitudes, behaviour and other ingredients that contribute to Leadership. Leadership is a procedure by which a individual influences others to carry through an nonsubjective and directs the organisation in a manner that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Harmonizing to Northouse ‘s ( 2010 ) Leadership is a procedure whereby an single influences a group of persons to accomplish a common end. In this position the Administrators needs to work together with the Staff in order to accomplish the purpose and aim of the school. The common end of Administrator and Educator for the school should be the success of pupils in their instruction. Peretomode ( 1991 quoted by Sharma, S 2011 ) stated that the importance of Leadership in school for achievement of school plans, aims and attainment of educational ends. Without a proper school Leadership the purpose of doing larning a success will non be possible. The administrative competences can be measured from assorted dimensions ; from the perceptual experiences of pupils, Educators, parents, communities the instruction and non-Teaching-Staff.2.3.1 Poor LeadershipIf a Manager has hapless leading accomplishments, his subsidiaries will still make the occupation but in an inefficient manner. A hapless Leader will frequently neglect to win over his staff and will hold jobs in pass oning with the Staff efficaciously. A Leader demand to hold a certain upbringing, instruction and a â€Å" chopper † factor significance that he should hold the ability to lift above a peculiar state of affairs and to analyse it objectively.2.3.2 Can Leadership be taught?Peter Drucker ( 1954 quote d by D'Alessio F.A 2006 ) presented a sound outline: â€Å" Leadership is of extreme importance. Indeed there is no replacement for it. But Leadership can non be created or promoted. It can non be taught or learned. † Nowadays positions differ on this issue. History has legion ordinary people who after holding studied become great Leaderships for illustration Mahatma Gandhi. This is a ground why there is a great support on the positions that Leader can be trained to follow the cardinal property of good Leadership. Peoples can go good Leader through acquisition and preparation. How can Leader be born in this grim universe of today, where everything alterations every twenty-four hours? It is more productive to get down with the premise that it is possible for everyone to take. Everyone is a Leader in his ain and in whatever he does because each one has his ain manner of sing and making things. â€Å" Leadership and larning are indispensable to each other † . ( John F. Ke nnedy )2.3.3 Culture and LeaderThe clime is the feel of the organisation, the person and shared perceptual experiences and attitudes of the organisation ‘s members ( Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2007 cited by UK essay. Case Study of Opito Organizational Management And Leadership. ) . The clime represents the beliefs about how the Staff feels at school. If the Staff is at easiness with the manner the school maps along with the manner of Leadership being adopted, this will finally take to Motivation of Staff. The pupils and the Staff of a school spend most of their clip in the school premises. Thus the clime should be adaptable to the pupils every bit good as the Staff for larning procedure to be successful. The ambiance should be enrapturing.2.4 Educator as a LeaderIn category the Educator is the exclusive Leader. The Educator needs to be able to set up a positive civilization and environment in order to do the instruction of the category becomes successful. As reported by Koutsoulis ( 2003, cited by Krishnaveni. R and Anitha. J. , 2007 ) , pupils demand a humanistic attack, effectual communicating accomplishments of the instructor, better apprehension towards them, every bit good as ability to command the schoolroom. Educator need to hold good attitudes, communicating accomplishments, persuasive attitude and should be able to switch from a friendly attack to a more terrible attack as and when required. †It is the supreme art of the Educator to rouse joy in originative look and cognition † ( Albert Einstein, scientist ) . Educator need to supervise and measure each pupil ‘s public presentation to cognize what can be done for a better betterment. Every Educator has legion chances to act upon the environment in which he or she works. A research by Muijs ( 2003 cited by Chen 2007 ) said Leadership means the capacity for Educators to exert Leadership for learning and larning within and beyond the schoolroom. Each Educator should come to cognize the pupils profoundly and to understand their backgrounds, their involvements, their penchants in acquisition, and their household configurations. Furthermore Administrators need to give Educators chances to execute professionally so that they can comprehend their functions as of import. Educators need to be emotionally strong in covering with pupils. Educators should anticipate different attack as pupils are from different background. Bing A-Level pupils, they do non hold the adulthood yet to make up one's mind of whether they are right or incorrect in their actions or in what they say.2.5 Instructional LeaderEffective Instructional Leaderships are intensely involved in curricular and in structional issues that straight affect pupil accomplishment ( Cotton, 2003 cited by Reading First Notebook ) . Leaderships can non pretermit other responsibilities, learning and larning should be the country where most of the Leaders ‘ scheduled clip is allocated. Instructional Leadership requires Administrators to liberate themselves of bureaucratic undertakings and concentrate their attempts on bettering instruction and acquisition. Instructional betterment is an of import end, a end worth seeking, and a end that, when implemented, allows both pupils and Educators to do a more meaningful learning environment. Blase and Blase ( 2000 quoted by Phillips J.A ) cite specific behaviours of Instructional Leadership, such as doing suggestions, giving feedback, patterning effectual direction, beging sentiments, back uping coaction, supplying professional development chances, and giving congratulations for effectual instruction. Instructional is more at the administrative degree. In short, Instructional Leaderships are those actions that a chief takes, or delegates to others, to advance growing in pupil acquisition ( Flath, 1989 quoted by Phillips J.A ) . The principal must possess certain accomplishments to transport out the undertakings of an Instructional Leader: interpersonal accomplishments ; be aftering accomplishments ; instructional observation accomplishments ; and research and rating accomplishments ( Lashway, 2002 quoted by Phillips J.A ) . There should be a good relation between the Administrators and the pupils. Instructional Leaderships need to cognize what is traveling on in the schoolroom. Without this cognition, they are unable to appreciate some of the jobs Educators and pupils brush. The Administrators need to follow up the undertaking of Educators by inquiring inquiries, sing schoolrooms, and reexamining subsequent informations to vouch instructional alterations are happening and advancement is being made. Furthermore, with the turning imp ortance of engineering in schools, Administrators besides need to be equipped with the cognition of engineering integrating in instruction and acquisition. In add-on to that they are responsible for guaranting that the Educators receive the counsel they require.2.6 Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership is a procedure that alterations and transforms persons ( Northouse, 2001 quoted by Almansour, Y.M. , 2012, p.162 ) . This means that Transformational Leadership is the ability to acquire people to alter, to better, and to be led. If the Rector and Deputy Rector are Transformational Leaders the Educators will be more divine to work. Harmonizing to Carlson ( 1996 cited by Ibrahim A.S & A ; Al-Taneji, S. , 2012, p43 ) , Transformational Leader entails traveling people to a common vision by constructing trust and authorization. With this trust and authorization Educators will be more motivated to work in the involvement of the pupil, which is giving them a better learning civilization. Educators can therefore convey in their ain invention in the manner they deliver the acquisition method in the category. This can be done through the usage of power point presentation, relevant stuffs such as articles, books, press releases, magazines, newspaper and even the usage of image, drawings and exposure when it is possible to make so. By coming in category and merely reading throughout the whole category will ne'er be a benefit to the pupil and the Educator will non even be able to hold on the full attending of pupil in this manner of educating. Thus the disposal should concentrate on offering engineering installations for the Educator to be able to go more advanced. Bass ( 1990 quoted by Rollinson D. , 2005, p.377 ) Transformational leader requires the leader to hold a vision of what needs to be done to get by with the state of affairs, the ability to pass on this vision to followings and the capableness to energies or animate them to alter their current manner of making things. As articulated by Bass ( 1985 cited by Ibrahim A.S & A ; Al-Taneji, S. , 2012, p43 ) , four factors characterize the behaviour of Transformational Leader and they are: Figure 3: Behavior of Transformational Leaderships Individual Consideration is more about Leader giving support, taking attention, understanding and gives encouragement to others. This will profit the Educator if the administrative adopt such attitude. Intellectual Stimulation is to promote being more advanced and originative. The Leader of the school can therefore advance critical thought and job resolution for the Educator to make their work more expeditiously. Inspirational Motivation is that Leader motivated their followings to make the vision set. Thus the Rector and Deputy Rector need to actuate the Educator for larning procedure to be promoted. In this factor Leader has high outlook on the followings. Idealized Influence is a Leader who is an model function theoretical account. By being a function theoretical account for the Teaching-Staff, the Administrators will be trusted and respected in the determination devising.2.7 MotivationHaving a extremely motivated Staff it is the pupil who will profit more about this. The Educator will non waver to give their best when they are motivated. Without Motivation pupil will non be willing to larn and they will happen it tiring. It is of import that the Educator makes acquisition interested for the pupil to be motivated. Educators on their side demand to be motivated to go better Educators. Last but non the least the Administrators need to guarantee themselves that the school keeps on bettering. Participative Administrators require a civilization and manner that are unfastened and flexible to be able to react to the demands and endowments of single Staff. Frankincense Leaderships need to maintain Educators motivated for the Educators to actu ate the pupil to larn. This shows that there is a rhythm on the Motivation at different degree of the hierarchy in on order to do learning procedure easier. This rhythm of Motivation is illustrated below. Figure 4: Cycle of Motivation2.8 Types of MotivationMotivation at plants operates in two ways: the Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation. Intrinsic Motivation is more about the motive that comes within an single and Extrinsic Motivation is about factor which comes from outside an single. Extrinsic motive is easier to understand ; it consists of desire for a touchable wages. Harmonizing to Armstrong ( 1996 p. 299 ) Intrinsic Motivation is when people can actuate themselves by seeking, happening and transporting out work ( or being given work ) which satisfies their demands or at least leads them to anticipate that their ends will be achieved. Furthermore Armstrong ( 2002 p.56 ) elaborated that the Intrinsic Motivation factors include duty ( experiencing that the work is of import and holding control over one ‘s resources ) , freedom to move, range to utilize develop accomplishments and abilities, interesting and disputing work, and chances for promotion and growing. When a staff is per se motivated they will experience an involvement and will bask their work. Educators which are deciding in his work will probably present good instruction to the pupils. The intrinsic incentives, which are concerned with ‘quality of working life ‘ ( a phrase and motion which emerged from this construct ) , are likely to hold a deeper and long-run conseque nce because they are built-in in persons and non imposed from outside ( Armstrong 1996 p. 299 ) . Extrinsic Motivation is when people can be motivated by direction through such methods as wage, publicity and congratulations ( Armstrong 2002 p.56 ) . Extrinsic Motivation includes wagess, such as increased wage, congratulations or publicity and penalties such as disciplinary action with keeping wage or unfavorable judgment ( Armstrong 1996 p. 299 ) . Whenever an Educator has excelled in his undertaking he needs to be appraised by the Administrators. This will convey more motive when an Educator is rewarded when the latter has work good and with this the 4th demand harmonizing to Maslow Hierarchy of demands will be achieved that is the Esteem needs which include accomplishment, position and acknowledgment. Extrinsic Motivation has an impact on single in a short term period merely. However Administrators need to concentrate more on the intrinsic motive of Educator in order for the Educator to stay motivated on a longer clip footing.2.9 Approachs to Motivation2.9.1 Behavioral ApproachBehaviorism is chiefly concerned with discernible behaviour, as opposed to internal events like thought and emotion ( McLeod, S 2007 ) . Behavioral is to detect any alterations in the behaviour. The Rector can follow this attack specially after giving direction or guideline to the Educator for a better acquisition procedure of the pupil. Harmonizing to Armstrong ( 2002 p. 57 ) behaviourists are interested merely in the external factors that straight influence behaviour and they believe that larning takes topographic point chiefly through the procedures of positive and negative support. The conceptualisation of larning utilizing this attack could be considered â€Å" superficial † as the focal point is on external alterations in behaviour that is non interested in the internal procedures of larning taking to behavior alteration and has no topographic point for the emotions involved the procedure ( Wikipedia ) .2.9.2 Humanist ApproachThis attack focuses on acknowledging human capablenesss in countries such as creativeness, personal growing and pick ( Memiah Ltd, 2012 ) . This attack sees the positive nature of homo being which allows one ‘s fulfilment and potency. The highest round on Abraham Maslow ‘s ladder of human motivations is the demand for self-actualization of people which consist of: Awareness and credence of themselves, openness and spontaneousness, the ability to bask work and see work as a mission to carry through, the ability to develop close friendly relationships without being overly dependant on other people, a good sense of wit and the inclination to hold peak experiences that are spiritually or emotionally hearty. ( Spark Notes LLC 2012 ) .2.9.3 Cogn itive ApproachThe cognitive attack organisations accelerate the acquisition that takes topographic point by developing their apprehension of larning and by taking stairss which expedite the procedure ( Boolaky M and Gokhool D. , 2011 p.82 ) . Cognitive theory can be more utile to director that needs theory because it provides more realistic counsel on motive techniques ( Armstrong 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Cole ( 1998 cited by Boolaky M and Gokhool D. , 2011 p.82 ) the cognitive attack is doing sense of issues and state of affairss, of developing insight and understanding and of seeing forms in their environment. Educator following this attack can assist more in decision-making. With a better understanding Educator is likely to take the right determination at the right clip.2.10 Importance of Educators ‘ MotivationThe Educators ‘ Motivation is a key for effectual acquisition to take topographic point. One facet of motive, likely the hardest to alter, lies in the personalit y of the instructor ( Eggleton P.J ) . The chief aim of the school is the success of the pupil and for this aim to be met Educator need to be motivated to supply an efficient acquisition procedure to the pupil. To be able to learn the pupil Educator demand to possess a good cognition. Furthermore, to keep a category good Educator need to utilize some humoristic attack in order to hike up the motive on pupil and the Educator in return will besides be motivated to work. Besides, when Educators are motivated they will convey in personal technique to heighten pupil larning such as engineerings as the Educator has a great impact on the scholars. We frequently see pupils ‘ motive reflected in personal investing and in cognitive, emotional, and behavioural battle in school activities ( Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & A ; Paris, 2004 ; Maehr & A ; Meyer, 2004 ; Reeve, 2006 cited by Ormrod 2008 ) .2.11 Factors act uponing Educators ‘ MotivationThere are several factors that can act upon the Educators ‘ Motivation which are: A good environment demands to predominate in the school. The school needs to possess the needed equipment and stuffs so that the Educator can let the category to work efficaciously. Recognition and feedback of Educators when they put in excess attempt for their pupil. Educators know that they will hold support in times of trouble. Administrators need to affect Educator in determination devising. Staff ‘s sharing of thoughts is encouraged by the Administrators. Staff turnover: A low staff turnover will intend that Educator is happy with his work. Encourage Educator to take portion in extra-curricular activities. A sense of trust worthy reins amongst the Educators.2.12 DecisionBased on the expressions of the theoreticians, Leadership and Motivation were viewed in different angle. This will finally assist in the analysis portion of the survey to place what can be done to increase the Motivation degree at ICC-FVI.